Middle Ages Literature Essay

The Middle Ages had many interesting characteristics concerning the literature of that time period. The important literary works â€Å"incorporated elements and values drawn from different and conflicting traditions (Patterson 1143). For every opinion, there was another opinion to counter it. Many of the pieces of literature at this time had contradictory ideas in them or had competing interests (Patterson 1144). The literature of this time shows us that â€Å"many people took the central doctrine of Christianity so much for granted that their daily lives seem largely untroubled by the moral and spiritual demands of religion† (Patterson 1144). Another characteristic of the literature was that it alerts us to the â€Å"complexities and dilemmas that any faith poses† (Patterson 1144). The Middle Ages is also called the â€Å"age of chivalry† (Patterson 1144). The literature mainly â€Å"expresses the values of the most powerful members of society, the aristocracy† (Patterson 1144). The aristocracy achieved their power through â€Å"military might† (Patterson 1144). There was also an â€Å"explicit code of chivalry† (Patterson 1145). The values were â€Å"never entirely consistent with each other† (Patterson 1145). Characters of literature had to choose whether to be a lover or a warrior (Patterson 1145). The main concerns of the literature were â€Å"the demands of religious faith and appropriate use of physical force, and the individual human being working out his or her individual destiny† (Patterson 1145). The literature during this time contributed to a list of vivid characters to the world of literature (Patterson 1145). Writers created unforgettable, complex literary characters to deal with the themes (Patterson 1145). The Middle Ages contrasted to the Renaissance because the Renaissance’s characters had â€Å"greater autonomy and fully realized personalities† (James 1883). The Renaissance’s literature did not judge â€Å"human action by right and wrong but by beauty, memorability, and effectiveness† (James 1886). During the Renaissance, the presence of God was much less dominating (James 1887). Medieval men and women were more concerned with the afterlife, while in the Renaissance they had a preoccupation with this life (James 1886). The Canterbury Tales fits into the Middle Ages well with some characteristics and not quite as well concerning others. For example, the Pardoner in The Canterbury Tales preaches the word of God on a daily basis, yet he is morally corrupt in his everyday life (Chaucer 1759). He preaches of greed, yet is greedy himself (Chaucer 1759). The Pardoner steals from the church, as well as innocent people (Chaucer 1758). Chaucer showed us that people took the doctrine of the church for granted. Other characters in The Canterbury Tales spoke of God and were Christians, yet didn’t bother with feeling morally obligated to act right. The dilemmas of being a Christian in real-life are seen. Some of the characters are Christian but it is more complex and takes an effort to be a Christian. The Canterbury Tales didn’t seem to have contradictory themes necessarily. Chaucer makes his views of various social ranks known through a use of satire. The characters themselves are contradictory, as we see with the Pardoner once again (Chaucer 1758). Since Chaucer has every type of social rank represented, we see his view of these ranks, which does contradict some of the jobs or moral obligations of various people. The characters in the story itself did compete for various interests. They all held different values or beliefs about the world. Chaucer lived during this time period, so it is in a way a more realistic view rather than contradictory. The explicit code of chivalry isn’t necessarily a large component of The Canterbury Tales except for perhaps the Knight and his tale. Chaucer shows that some people were focused on the chivalry act during this time. The Canterbury Tales doesn’t focus on pleasing the aristocracy either. Chaucer wrote from the perspective of every social rank so his book was meant for the poor and rich. Its subject matter was meant to be appealing to all Medieval people. The final characteristic that The Canterbury Tales does follow is the well developed characters. Chaucer had a whole list of realistic, complex characters. These characters could rival the Renaissance’s characters to me. I enjoyed reading about the characters and reading even more of The Canterbury Tales online. The Canterbury Tales fits well with the characteristics of the Middle Ages for the most part. The individual characters do have an individual goal in mind. Chaucer seemed as if he cared about his characters and wanted readers to his get to know them on an individual level, which seems more ahead of his time.

Book Journal: The Black Jacobins

The book ‘The Black Jacobins’ is a pen craft of Mr. C. L. R. James. James has scrutinized here an event happened in 1791; which brought out the Revolution of Haitian. The reasons that caused this revolution to take place are the main concerns of his account. He has analyzed the points of progress where economic and class differences overpowered the racial differences. Gradually picturing the whole scenario, he has carefully plotted his findings comparing the French and Haitian revolutions.He has matched his findings on every event with the French and Haitian revolutions. French camp was San Domingo and all the slave trade used to happen here only to cater the French government. All the efforts that France was making against USA, UK, and the communal divisions that existed within her had put a customary influence over the stepping forward of the San Domingo revolt. Writer percepts the class difference had overpowered racial difference.The French revolution is one of the m ajor causes of Haitian revolution as far as the influence is concerned. Other causes include the events like insurgence of the working class natives, and Bastille event. The above-discussed causes affected the slaves very much. Another hub of attention is the leadership of Toussaint L’Ouverture. L’Ouverture’s life has also been analyzed by James. It has been suggested for this forefront facing revolting head that he had organized people, unified the rebellious forces, and also headed some fundamental wars.He fought from the forefront and after he was caught, his army generals became his predecessors. He had been a terrible idol and his character has almost been vague in the writings of different authors. The work of C. L. R James is depicting a great and influential description of the struggles and events occurred at that time and author has almost idealized the leadership qualities of that time (James, 1989). Works Cited James, C. (1989). The Black Jacobins: To ussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution . Vintage.

The pros and cons of applying affirmative actions Essay

The pros and cons of applying affirmative actions - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that affirmative action is often regarded as a policy concern towards discriminatory factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, religion, and sexual orientation. The present research has identified that the initial affirmative action was enacted in the United States under Executive Order 10925 by President John F. Kennedy on 6th March 1961. Furthermore, in 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson executed the enactment of Executive Order 11246 focusing on the equal distribution of employment opportunities among various social classes and genders. The author has rightly presented that it was during the Second World War that discrimination amid the socio-economic context had emerged as a serious concern which led to the rising significance of equal rights, humanitarian approaches and various other social norms which aimed at facilitating proper distribution of resources in the community. Through this enactment, the application of Affirmative Action wa s aimed at mitigating unethical discriminatory practices in the fields of education, business and employment among others and thereby imbibing ethical concerns as well as justness within the society. This paper illustrates that since its initial application in 1961, the purpose of enacting the affirmative action had been to serve every religion and cast with equal opportunity in order to facilitate proper education and employment throughout the socio-economic context.... Accounting both the Pros and Cons of Applying Affirmative Actions From a generalized perspective, the affirmative action can be observed to guide a society towards equal distribution of wealth and development opportunities. Therefore, it is quite obvious that such policy concerns will motivate growth and thereby prove to be quite advantageous for the society. In this context, the benefits can be recognized as affirmative action tends to compensate minority interests, serve as a booster to social diversity and exposure platform to varied fields. By compensating minority interests in terms of education and employability, affirmative action facilities equal opportunities to various social classes, especially to those groups who are observed to avail limited exposure to national and global prospects owing to their restricted power and involvement in the society. Correspondingly, by serving as a booster to social diversity, affirmative action benefits as the community interests in terms o f equal distribution of salary and wages irrespective of the gender, race, ethnicity or any other discriminatory factor, precise and universal employment as well as educational norms which further facilitates the exposure of the society not only in the national but also in the international context. To be summarized, the most significant benefit of affirmative action can be identified as its role towards augmenting sustainable social growth (Holzer, and David, â€Å"Affirmative Action: What Do We Know†). Conversely, affirmative action can also be identified to impose crucial disadvantages towards societal development in the long-run. For instance, from a global perspective, affirmative action has often been accused to give rise to reverse

Political Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Political Philosophy - Essay Example Politics was the central point of the Philosophy. This science embodied the whole creative development and reflected the practical wisdom of the humankind. Kant is the most popular for his clear definition of Right and the role it plays in the society. He correlates Politics with the Right and the Right with the Morals. Kant worked at the developments in the field of the Science and the State... The great philosopher talks about Right as the highest moral value and bases the principles of Republic in accordance with the notion of the Natural Right. There is a need to reach the highest moral order in the Republic and the Laws should be an embodiment of the universal rule of justice. Therefore, Kant talks about correlation of Politics and Nature. There is a need to focus on the principles of Politics on the triggering forces of the humanity. In other words, it is relevant to correlate the principles of a natural struggle for the existence with the nature of the social forces. One of hi s main Doctrines is the following: â€Å"the groaning and travailing in pain of the whole creation,’ are consummated, pacified, and stilled in the highest political Good, which is Perpetual Peace realized in a universal Federation of Humanity within which all other human goods—Sociality, Religion, Art, Science—come to perfect flower and fruit† (van der Linden 1988, p. 32). In this claim it is evident that the philosopher reflected the basic principles of political reflections of the eighteenth century. The historical developments and international events led to the developments and a struggle for the principles of liberty, which have been considered in terms of different revolutions (Murphy, 2008). The political principles are resumed and condensed with the philosophical background of the ideas of the great philosophers, such as Aristotle, Locke, Kant and many others. Kant was much focused on the developments of political ideas and his ideals have often r emained underdeveloped and fragmentary ones. Kant developed his ideas with the help of the metaphysical method. Kantian Political Philosophy Kant was much focused on both theoretical and practical political philosophy. This great thinker treated Politics as the â€Å"metaphysics of morals† (Williams 1992, p. 388). He correlated human behavior with the developments of political philosophy. There is no doubt that an individual is the center and the main creator and developer of different laws and regulations. Kant was much concerned about â€Å"anthropology† and took into account the developments in cultural studies. The social and political philosophies of Kant are closely connected. There are two contrasting points in the developments of Kant’s philosophies: on the one hand, it is relevant to refer to the â€Å"rules of behavior in regard to free choice†, and on the other hand, it is relevant to take into account â€Å"the rule of knowledge† (Willi ams 1992, p. 240). The Metaphysics of Morals is divided into two main parts: the â€Å"Doctrine of Right† and the â€Å"Doctrine of Virtue†. The categorical imperative is the central issue for Kant. It should be noted, that this concept is discussed in a separate chapter in the paper further on.

International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

International Law - Essay Example This paper shall critically evaluate the means by which a territory can become a state. This essay is being written in order to arrive at a thorough and extensive assessment of statehood, especially, in relation to territory. Discussion Much debate and conflict have been seen owing to the right of a state to claim statehood. To this very day, different territories are trying to claim statehood and independence from their mother states. These claimants have even waged violent conflicts with their mother states in their bid for independence and statehood. Their belief revolves around the fact that since they fulfil the elements of statehood, they deserve to be recognized as independent states. These beliefs are however often rebuked by their mother states who often claim that these territories are not independent states, and for as long as they have sovereignty over it, international bodies cannot recognize them as independent states. The means by which a territory can later become and be recognized as a state are basically focused on the four elements. After these elements are established, the processes of international laws have to be applied in order to secure recognition for the territory as a state. Based on Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention, a state, in order to be recognized as a person of international law, must possess the following elements: a permanent population; a defined territory; government; and the capacity to enter into relations with other states. Traditionally, many states were able to gain recognition via international bodies by fulfilling the above basic requirement, as well as the requirements of sovereignty and independence (UIO Faculty of Law, 2010). A territory can become a state by first having a sufficient number of people to make up a population. Different authors and scholars support this basic premise because it is a natural requirement for subsistence. There is no specific requirement as to the number of inhabitants only that, this population needs to be sufficient in the conduct of state functions (Shaw, 2003, p. 179). This population also needs to be permanently based on the territory. It is this qualification which disqualifies Antarctica for statehood. It does not have a permanent population. At different points of the year, explorers from different countries enter the continent, but they do not settle therein permanently and they eventually return to their own states (Fry, Goldstein, & Langhorne, 2002, p. 457). Conversely, even as Somalia’s population is not permanent, with its nomad residents drifting in and out of its territory, it still is considered a state because the people have the ultimate intention of going back (Fry, Goldstein, & Langhorne, 2002, p. 457). It is also important to note that there is also no requirement for the people to have common linguistic, ethnic, cultural, or historical characteristics. The size of the population does not also matter. Vatican City is a small stat e with a small population, but it is able to function and carry out its responsibilities and roles as a state (Fry, Goldstein, & Langhorne, 2002, p. 457). In order for a territory to be qualified for statehood, its population only needs to fulfil the minimum requirements of permanency and be of a sufficient number to carry out duties of statehood. This qualification for statehood is actually one of the easier elements to fulfil, and is often the least source of controversy for territories seeking statehood. Government

Global Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Managerial Economics - Essay Example This essay presents answers on several questions about the United States and it's role and impacts on global managerial economics. Firstly, the researcher aims to explain why the United States would subsidize the short run costs of production for tobacco farmers in foreign countries and how does this practice shift the equilibriums (price and output) for tobacco and domestic food items. Any form of incentive is helpful to the tobacco farmer as well as the local economy which rely on the income of these industries to generate employment. Then, the researcher presents an analysis of both the local and international effects of this issue, such as an increase in marginal and average value of employment, because the incentives/subsidies could afford wage increase and this translates into an increase of production for existing firms and the incentive for new players to start-up with positive externalities. This essay then describes the case with Acme Motors and what are the production gain s to the entire company from the facility in Nuevo Laredo specializing in Autoturbo Quattro engines. The researcher also discusses why do they just make engines in Nuevo Laredo rather than the entire auto. In addition, the researcher analyzes why would Acme Motors shift its production of engines from Detroit to Mexico and then shift the engines back to the United States and what are the gains and losses for consumers in these types of international production and trading patterns, that were described.

Understanding the experiences of special education students who did Dissertation

Understanding the experiences of special education students who did not complete high school - Dissertation Example The purpose of this qualitative case study is to identify the common experiences of special education students who decide to drop-out of high school and the common factors that contribute to the decision to drop-out of high school. The case study will be comprised of male and female special education high school students who dropped out of school at Ridgeville High School (pseudonym for a Virginia high school) during their third and fourth years in the school years 2007-2008 and 2008-2009. The sample population will consist of students between the ages of 16-20. The sampling size will be 15 although 33 students will be initially contacted. The study will be a phenomenological study and will therefore be conducted by virtue of semi-structured interviews designed to identify the common experiences of students who dropped out of school close to graduation. The results of the semi-structured interview will be compared and analysed by virtue of a qualitative data analysis. The results wil l be coded and categorized generally using a phenomenological reductionism method. Once the data are collated and sorted and commonalities are identified, all possible conclusions will be analysed so that a final conclusion can be drawn. Using information from interviews with recent dropouts from Ridgeville High School, in conjunction with findings from current literature, this study will contribute to the development of recommendations for more effective dropout prevention programs for special education students. Descriptors: Achievement gap Disability Drop-out Drop-out prevention IDEA 2004 Dropping out IEP Inclusion NCLB QDA Special Education Student Engagement ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Background 2 Problem Statement 12 Purpose of the Study 15 Research Questions 15 Scope of the Study 16 Limitations and Delimitations 17 Definition of Terms 19 Research Plan 21 CHAPTER TWO 24 LITERATURE REVIEW 2 4 Introduction 24 Overview 25 Institutional reasons for dropping out 38 School belonging and dropout rates 44 Special education services and dropout rates 47 Exit exams 49 Inclusion: Does it reduce dropout rates? 54 Teachers and inclusion 64 Dropout prevention programs 71 IEP programming 74 Transition programming 76 Programs attending to social and academic elements of student lives: Finn’s participation-identification model of school engagement-belonging 79 School belonging and engagement and special education 91 Case studies of best practice school engagement programs that have improved the retention level of special education students in high school 98 Conclusion 102 CHAPTER THREE 104 METHODOLOGY 104 Introduction 104 Research Questions 105 Design 106 Active Observation 112 Intensive Interview 113 Data Collection Procedures 116 In-depth Interviews 117 The Researcher’s Role 120 Qualitative Data Analysis 120 The Coding Process

On the Internet tax and whether Arizona should or should not repeal Essay

On the Internet tax and whether Arizona should or should not repeal its law taxing online sales - Essay Example On the contrary, if not well considered they can act as barriers on investors whose markets exist online. The U.S constitution has two provisions from Supreme Court jurisprudence that define the enacting of nexus, which include Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and the Commercial clause. The court requires that a particular state cannot impose duties levying responsibilities on a seller who is not physically present in the state, under the Dormant Commerce law. This law is subject to amendments by the congress as the congressional regulation has influence on most tax-related policies. Congress may therefore allow different regulations to govern commerce between states. The law of physical presence of the seller and buyer still holds until when the congress may change the contents of the law. Another tax that is levied together with the sales tax is the use tax., During the sale of services and commodities in the same state, sales tax is imposed, while the residents incur a use tax if they purchase goods or services outside the state boundaries. Use tax play an important role in ensuring that the citizens of a particular state purchase goods within the boundaries and evade the sales tax. However, constitutionally enough bond or â€Å"nexus† must be put in place between businesses and state on the onset of a state imposing tax burden on a business that operates beyond its boundaries. Remarkably, there exist discriminatory taxes like the Commercial Clause that bars states that do not allow commerce between states. As a result, states that impose taxes on the remote out-of-state sellers and not on the sellers from within its boundaries are disciplined by a judicial scrutiny. The subject state is exempted only when the tax burden is excessive as compared to the local benefits. Supreme Court under the Due Process Clause offered a distinction between the nexus analysis and the dormant clause for congress. The

Community College Visit Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Community College Visit - Assignment Example The Campus offers career training in more than 50 fields. The campus admits students of all ages as well as from all walks of life who are eager to utilize various programs that are offered there. The campus was the first of the DCCCD that offered nursing programs. The campus has recently established associations with various top-notch hospitals in the region. Moreover, it is the only campus within DCCCD that offers food and hospital programs. The campus is a Hispanic-serving institution as well as a member of the Hispanic institutions of universities and colleges. HIS university or college is a campus where the total Hispanic enrolment comprises a minimum of 25% of the entire enrolment. The campus has grown from just being a campus and it now has two sub-branches of the main campus. The sub-branches include El Centro down town campus, west Dallas campus, and Bill J. campus. The two sub branches are also located in the downtown region of Texas. The west Dallas campus is a one-stop location in down town Texas where students can meet with the college advisors, register for their course of choice, as well as speak to the financial aid advisors. This campus is the only college present in west Dallas. The college academic programs are stepping-stones for learners who want to transfer to four-year institutions, for education students who are looking for courses associated with personal development, high school students seeking to get a dual credit, that is for high school completion and college credit. Furthermore, the college offers programs for students seeking associate degrees or certificates to take on entry-level positions at the place of work. Whatever the need of the students, the college has programs that are designed to achieve it. For student seeking degree programs, the campus offers a variety of degrees, which include, associate in arts, associate in science, as well as associates in applied sciences. Moreover, the campus

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Essay Example for Free

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Essay Growing up, every role model and spokesperson constantly reiterated that we, as individuals, could be whoever we wanted to be.   We could grow up to be doctors, lawyers, firefighters, or any other plethora of occupations that tickled our fancy. With those seeds firmly planted in our young minds, we began our eternal quest to search for the perfect career. The quest for that ideal vocation, however, is not easily facilitated.   For those of us that are unsure of our future endeavors or are curious about the accuracy of our career choice, a plethora of advancements in analyzing personality profiles have been developed to aid in such arduous matters.    One of those advancements is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, which aids individuals in determining their personality type in attempt to pair them with their ideal career.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Developed by Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother Katharine, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a very intricate test that helps individuals discover their personality type (Martin).   The test is broken into four different categories, which help produce the sixteen possible personality types.   The categories are Introvert/Extrovert, Sense/Intuition, Thought/Feeling, and Judging/Perceiving (TypeTalk).   The basis of these four categories relies on the idea that each individual relates more to one extreme than to other; thus, each individual tends to be more introverted or more extroverted, not exactly in the middle.   After analyzing a person’s personality with regards to behavioral tendencies in all four categories, one of the sixteen personality profiles is revealed.   (Tieger, 13)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After taking the test for myself, I found that my personality type is slated as INTP, or introvert, intuition, thinking, and perceiving.   Introverts mainly â€Å"focus their attention and energy in the world inside of themselves†¦they try to understand the world before they experience it† (Tieger, 14).   The intuition portion of the profile shows that one â€Å"naturally reads between the lines to look for meaning in all things,† (Tieger, 18) while the thinking portion shows a preference to â€Å"decisions that make sense logically†¦[and] pride themselves on their ability to be objective and analytical in the decision making process† (Tieger, 21). Finally, the perceiving portion details the desire for flexibility and freedom of open-ended options and the ability to adapt in new situations (Tieger, 25).   Overall, when putting these traits together, the INTP personality types, like myself, enjoy making logic-based decisions, being objective and analytical, as well as seeking more knowledge about the workings of the world around them (Myers).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Once an individual has their personality profile, they can use it to gauge the accuracy of their chosen vocation, mostly because it aids in demonstrating which personality traits fit best with which careers.   In conclusive evidence with varying resources, I have found that my personality type fits perfectly with my architecture career choice.   In fact, the Journal of Management in Engineering conducted a research study to explore what types of personality traits best fit construction and architecture design jobs.   According to the study, â€Å"those possessing a preference for Intuitive data collection (MBTI, N) and Perceiving structure (MBTI, P) outperformed individuals with preferences for Sensing and Judging, in both planning and construction† (Carr, 1). Another study also looked at the Myers-Briggs personality traits of civil engineers.   The study concluded that â€Å"they are predominantly introverted, preferring to focus their energy on the internal world of ideas and possibilities.   They prefer to gather their facts using their senses, and are predisposed to facts and figures†¦they show a slight preference for a structured environment† (Johnson Singh, 1).   Tieger’s book also lists architects and civil engineers as an appropriate professional/business career for INTP types.   â€Å"These professional careers also offer INTPs plenty of opportunities to analyze and solve complex problems†¦[they] require clear, logical thinking and innovative approaches to problems and challenges† (Tieger, 255). Besides the previous studies and examples proving that my personality type is suited for a career as an architect, it is easy to derive such a conclusion based on the traits demonstrated through my personality type.   Being an introvert, someone who prefers the inner world and the ability to think thoughts through, promotes the required intelligence required to design and execute complex architectural design projects. The intuitive part of my personality profile is depictive of the desire to understand and seek out knowledge, as well as the ability to understand and propagate different constructive solutions.   The thinking portion promotes the use of logic and analytical skills that are necessary attributes for an architect to create logical engineering solutions.   The perceiving portion is evidence of the ability to adapt and change, to come up with new solutions and creative ideas to architectural models that need exploring, as well as the flexibility to attempt such ideas.   Overall, it is very easy to see that my personality type of INTP does, in fact, coincide with my desire to be an architect. Throughout the ever changing world, people change careers several times in their lives in hopes of finding a career that will best suit their needs, their talents, and their goals.   Luckily, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test is a valuable tool that many people can benefit from.   This tool was very accurate in pairing my personality with my ambition to be an architect, proving that I fit with my chosen career field. References Carr, Paul G. â€Å"Relationship between personality traits and performance for engineering and architectural professionals providing design services.† Journal of Management in Engineering 18.n4 (September-October 2002): 158. Johnson, Holly M.,  and  Amarjit Singh.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The personality of civil engineers.†Ã‚  Journal of Management in Engineering  14.n4  (July-August 1998):  45(12). Martin, Charles.   â€Å"INTP Personality Type.† KnowYourType.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.knowyourtype.com/intp.html Myers, Steve. â€Å"Myers-Briggs: A Complete Guide.†Team Technology. http://www.teamtechnology.co.uk/tt/t-articl/mb-simpl.htm Tieger, Barbara B., and Paul Tieger. Do What You are: Discover the Perfect Career for You through the Secrets of Personality Type. New York: 2001. â€Å"Type Talk† Inc. 20.n10 (July 1998): p76(1)

Language Teaching And Language Policy English Language Essay

Language Teaching And Language Policy English Language Essay Relationships among language, culture and identity have become a favourite topic in social science for decades. In his book Primitive Culture, Edward Tylorà ¿(1871) defines culture that as complex whole which includes knowledge, morals, beliefs, art, law, technology  and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of  the society Being human being communicative, interestingly, language reveals much more what we actually speak out, not only a means of communication. The Sapir Whorf hypothesis states that the structure of a language influences the ways in which its speakers conceptualize their world or otherwise affects their cognitive processes. The cultural worldview of a man is presented by the language and reflected through his responses in a specific period of time. Cultures are maintained from generation to generation and affected by geographical location and history of that nation as well as the interaction of that people over time. Simultaneously, language also develops to meet the need of communication of people. Therefore, it can be stated that  your language can reveal many things about your identity. It can disclose your nationality, culture, religion, age, gender, level of education, socio-economic class or your profession. Mendoza-Denton (2002:475) defines identity to mean the active negotiation of an individuals relationship with larger social constructs. This is reflected in the language we use, our word choices in identifying ourselves as well as in the words we choose not to use. Language is part of ones identity Understanding the nature of the relationship between language and culture is central to the process of learning another language.It  is also a chance for language learners to discover or re-discover and more appreciate his or her identiy. With my limited understanding about socialinguistic and my eagerness to more learning about a useful subject that enriches me a language teacher the knowledge of languages role in soceity as well as the implications for language teaching and language policy, I would like to discuss the following contents: A. Discuss the relationship between language, culture and identity The Sapir Whorf hypothesis Intercultural communication Language as a core value and indentity B. What are the implications for language teaching and language policy? 1. Language policy 2. Language and power CONTENT A. The relationship between language, culture and identity 1. The Sapir Whorf Hypothesis In linguistics, the Sapir Whorf Hypothesis states that each language holds an own way to present its meaning that can not understood by those who belong to another language. Native languages are concerned to strongly affect peoples thinking. Whofianism is another popular name for this hypothesis and is often defined as having two versions: The strong version linguistic determinism  that states that the language you speak determines the way that you will interpret the world around you. In this case, interlocutors think much of how to speak to best express their ideas and how to avoid misunderstanding caused by spoken words. For example, in Vietnamese culture, when visiting a newborn baby, we usually say that she/ he is very ugly to mean that the baby is so cute. Vietnamese do not use direct saying to compliment a newborn baby. In Western culture, questions about ages or marriage status are considered impolite. The weak version  that linguistic categories (part of speech) and usage influence thought and certain kinds of non-linguistic behaviour. Noam Chomskys theory: language is governed by a set of highly abstract principles that provide parameters which are given particular settings in different languages. It means that the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language. In turn, there is an assumption that all languages have a common structural basis. This set of rules is known as universal grammar. Articles in Englis such as a/an, the or gender of language in French maybe appropriate examples for this part. Intercultural communication Intercultural   communication generally refers to face to face interactions among people of  diverse cultures. If the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis states that there are certain thoughts of an individual in one language that cannot be understood by those who live in another language, intercultural communication, according to Samovar and Porter (1991)., occurs when a member of one culture understands a message produced by another whose culture is different from him. The Western cultures of America, New Zealand and Australia are informal when addressing a business associate and will usually use her first name. More formal cultures such as those found in parts of Europe use titles such as Mr., Mrs. or Dr., along with with a family name. It is considered disrespectful to use a first name without permission. In speaking with an associate of a different culture, to avoid offending her, it is best to assume a high level of formality unless you are asked to use her first name. In Japanese culture, long pauses in a conversation are normal, especially after a question. They need time to think over it. However, in other cultures, it is comfortable if interlocutors keep silence in a dialouge, there will be someone to speake to end the silence. To work together without problems, people need to understand their differences. People belonging to diverse culture are still able to understand their language each other, however, there are the potential misunderstanding and disagreement. Learning about intercultural communication is a very good idea to reduce this risk. And a language teacher as a language messenger must realize this. Language as a core value and identity Mendoza-Denton (2002:475) defines identity to mean the active negotiation of an individuals relationship with larger social constructs. These social constructs have been understood as comprising gender, ethnicity, and class following Gumprez (1982) in some of the earliest work on and identity Ones identity was understood as whom you were, and who we are or how we are seen by others may involve differing identities. According to Zimmerman (1998), there are three types of identity: (1) Discourse identity which is revealed through particular discourse and presented by speakers, hearersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (2) Situational identity which is revealed through the specific situation. For example, a person who is half Italian half French may want to identify with a particular ethnicity in some social situation. (e.g., attending a soccer game). This choice may even be crucial for his personal security. (3) Transportable identity which applies across situations and discourse and includes such constructs as ethnic, gender, and age. A mans identity can be revealed through his language use. It can disclose his nationality, culture, age, profession and socio economic class. In my real teaching, my students are usually given the difference from phonetic transcribtion between British English and American English because there are some English words having the same writing with disimilar pronunciation. The difference in writing is also explained sometimes when needed. British English American English Vocabulary block apartment   call box   phone booth pavement sidewalk yard   garden   holiday   vacation   postman   mailman   Pronunciation tomato /tÉâ„ ¢mÉ‘:tÉâ„ ¢ÃƒÅ Ã…  / /tÉâ„ ¢mÉÅ ¾itÃŽÂ ¿ÃƒÅ Ã…  / photo /à ¡Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¸Ãƒâ€°Ã¢â€ž ¢ÃƒÅ Ã…  tÉâ„ ¢ÃƒÅ Ã…  / /ˈfoÊÅ  toÊÅ  / psychology /sÉ‘É ªÃƒâ€¹Ã‹â€ kÉ’lÉâ„ ¢dÊ’i/ /sÉ‘É ªÃƒâ€¹Ã‹â€ kÉ‘Ë lÉâ„ ¢dÊ’É ª/ important /É ªmˈpɆ:tnt/ /É ªmˈpɆ:rnt/ vase /vÉ‘Ë z/ /veÉ ªz/ /veÉ ªs/ Our pronunciation of the words, our grammartical structure usage, and our utterance reveal how we view ourselves linguistically. Our language choice reflects more than the way we view ourselves. That is the way how we are viewd by soceity as well. According to Rembo (2004: 33-34), A persons social identity comes from an individuals knowledge of himself as an individual in relationship to others. It can be stated that we construct our identity by how we perceive ourselves in the eyes of others. Language is not only a means of communication but also self-identification. In a globalization communication, learning other languages as a second language positively promotes intercultural understanding across languages and cultures. In addition, personally, this is also an ideal way, especially for the youth of every country become aware of how our behaviours and social attitudes have been shaped by the languages and cultures we experience. The implications for language teaching and policy Learning and teaching another language will be more interested once we discover the beauty of language and successfully convey to learners. It should be exploited effectively for a better teaching; therefore, a motivated learning might be obtained. Learning a new language means accessing a new culture. Teaching students how to internalize selectively is also a leading concern a language teacher should pay much attention to besides conveying the beauty of that second language. Being a language teacher, I assum that we should realize deeply Language and Power as well as Language Policy to have an appropriate thinking to do teaching in the classroom. Language and Power During the period of domination in some countries, whether colonizers governed directly or indirectly, the political and cultural of those were greatly affected. The peoples wealth was the colonizers real aim. However, economic and political control can never be obtained without mental control. It means that once language, which is part of culture, the tool of self-definition in relationship to other nations is under controlled, that people will be truly colonized. Well understanding power of language will help students more motivated to learn the standard language as well as to selectively uncover what they take for granted and internalize as personal failure. Language Policy Language Policy is what a government does either officially through legislation, court decisions or policy to determine how languages are used cultivate language skills needed to meet national priorities or to establish the rights of individuals or groups to use and maintain languages (Wikipedia). In terms of this definition, an overview about the status of reality of teaching and learning English language in Viet Nam would be best to support this part of my writing. Since its open door policy in the mid 1980s, Viet Nam has welcomed many foreign organizations to invest and establish their business. As a result, the demand for English increased greatly in all aspects. The Government of Vietnam is devoted to developing English language skills on a long-term strategic basis to compete more effectively in international markets and thereby achieve sustainable economic growth. One of the biggest reflections to push this strategy is a project whose title is Teaching and Learning Foreign Languages in the National Education System, Period 2008-2020 by the Ministry of Education which was approved by the Prime Minister. The authority promotes this project to obtain a result that, by 2020, the majority of young Vietnamese will be able to use English to communicate confidently and be able to study and work in a multi-lingual and multi-cultural environment; thus the industrialisation and modernisation of the country will be contributed by the more dynamic and better integrated young Vietnamese people. Common knowledge in many other fields at school is a background and English as a secon language is a key to get success for the youth and the development of the country as well. In this setting, The implications for language teaching and policy therefore vast and far reaching. As a teacher of language, one must be culturally aware target language culture as well as the students, teacher`s, and administrative persons` culture thus avoiding any cultural misinterpretations.

The Scarlet Letter: The Use Of Hester :: essays research papers

In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne makes Hester Prynne the central figure in the story much like Susanna Rowson does with Charlotte in Charlotte Temple. The plots of the books are centered on these women; the storylines occasionally move elsewhere to inform the reader of the happenings of other characters, but always returns to their respective female protagonist. The authors’ use of their leading ladies differs when providing a theme, however.Susanna Rowson uses Charlotte Temple as an example for the reader. By taking the reader on a journey through Charlotte’s life of perpetual misery, Rowson’s narrator is able to point out where Charlotte makes poor decisions. With the reader now aware of the misdirected choices of Charlotte, the narrator warns the reader that any young girl could end up in the same type of predicament. She then teaches the young female reader how she should react in a similar situation and the â€Å"sober matron† reader how to prevent such a dilemma from happening to her daughter. In summary, Charlotte Temple’s actions are used to directly teach the theme as Rowson wishes.Nathaniel Hawthorne uses his main character in a completely different way. It is common for a reader of The Scarlet Letter to determine that the theme of the story is that adultery is bad, but that is not the case. Hawthorne is not promoting adultery; that is true: As Darrel Abel states in his essay, â€Å"Hawthorne’s Hester,† â€Å"Although we are expected to love and pity Hester, we are not invited to condone her fault or to construe it as a virtue.†1 Hester Prynne and her lecherous sin are Hawthorne’s means of conveying a different message; Hawthorne is more interested in uncovering the flaws of puritan society and the hypocrisy of their reactions to Hester. The character of Hester Prynne is created as to exploit these flaws indirectly.The Puritan culture is one that recognizes Protestantism, a sect of Christianity. Though a staple of Christianity is forg iveness for one’s sins, this has long been forgotten amongst the women of Boston: â€Å"Morally, as well as materially, there was a coarser fibre in those wives and maidens of old English birth and breeding, than in their fair decendants.†2 When Hester is first brought out of her prison cell, the gossiping goodwives recommend much harsher punishments, from a brand on her forehead to death. Hester, who had done little wrong prior to this sin of adultery, is no longer seen as a human being, but merely as a symbol of evil and shame upon the town.

Free Capital Punishment Essays: Mandatory Death Penalty for Nitwits :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Mandatory Death Penalty for Nitwits    When I was in high school, my friend Mike and I earned extra money working after school and on weekends at a drugstore located at the north end of our town. Before we started working in the retail business, we both had a fairly high opinion of humanity. That is to say, we thought that the average person wouldn't try to cheat us, would be at least marginally polite, and would be smart enough to avoid walking in front of a bus.    As it turned out, we were wrong.    When we stepped behind the counter of that drugstore, we had to remove the rose-colored glasses and reexamine our cherished ideas about humanity. We found that there were many, many rude people out there and that quite a few would cheat us if they were given half a chance. We also found the average person was much less intelligent than we had thought. On Labor Day, 1995, I started a list of all the irritating and stupid things that people did while we were at work. After a while, other employees began to contribute to the list, although I compiled about 75% of the complaints. By the time I left at the end of May 1996, the list had 567 items on it, and we were referring to some of the customers by number.    In particular, I remember 337, an older lady who came in early every Saturday morning to buy a candy bar. Sadly, 337 never had the requisite fifty cents, and as she was rummaging through her purse looking for spare change (which sometimes took as long as ten minutes), impatient customers would line up behind her. Finally, she would storm off in a huff.    Incredibly, 337 would return several times over the course of the day and attempt to purchase the candy bar again. Once more would come the agonizing search through her purse, but (surprisingly enough) the change at the bottom had not bred over the course of the day, and over and over she was forced to leave in defeat and shame.    Number 337 was hardly unique, or even unusual. Every shift that I worked, I was forced to deal with people nearly as clueless as she was. Mike and I were inevitably led to the conclusion that stupidity should be painful; we thought that if stupidity were painful, people would go to great lengths to educate themselves.

To Build a Fire - Man is Foolish :: London To Build a Fire Essays

To Build a Fire - Man is Foolish How many times have you seen birds flying south for the winter? They do not read somewhere or use some computer to know that they must fly to survive. In Jack London's "To Build a Fire", we see how that man is sometimes foolish. The man, who is walking in seventy-five degrees below zero weather, lets his learned behavior override his instinct. Therefore, he dies. London's theme is that no matter how intelligent society becomes, we as a species should never discard our basic instincts. In the beginning of the tale we see that the man realizes it is cold, but only sees this as a fact and not a danger. The man spit on the ground to test how cold it was. His test taught him that it was colder than he had first thought, but he never thought of that as a danger only as a reality. "That there should be anything more to it than that was a thought that never entered his head" (119). To many times modern man plods along oblivious to the reality that lies one moment or misstep away (Votleler 272). The man sees that he is feeling the effects of the cold more and more as he goes along, but more than ever he pushes on. Several times he comments that the cold is making his hands and feet numbed, and frostbite is killing his cheeks. He thinks "What were frosted cheek? A bit painful, that was all. . ." (120). Again he chose to ignore an instinct that would have saved him. The dog, on the other hand, although guided by his learned behavior still retains his instincts. The dog follows the man throughout his ill faded journey, but after the man perishes he relies upon his instincts to survive. This is witnessed in the last paragraph by the statement "Then it turned and trotted up the trail in the direction of the camp it knew, where there were other food providers and fire providers" (129). The theme of London's "To Build a Fire" is how we should all take heed

Classical Humanism in Art

5) Classical Humanism in Art Juxtapose two or more works from this period which you feel are illustrative of the renewed interest and enthusiasm for/reinvention of classical humanism. Describe the works in detail, discuss their internal symbols and larger social, cultural and political significances re attitudes to classical humanism C15 Italy Humanism intro Renaissance patrons understood the power of imagery and used it to extent their fame Courts throughout Italy were thriving centers of artistic activity and vied with each other for prominent humanist scientists, writers, architects,painters and sculptors Humanist subjects were taught in schools. The most enlightened renaissance popes encouraged the humanist assimilation of ancient greek and roman philosophies into their own Christian faith Inspired by the ideas in ancient greek and roman texts, which confirmed their new intellectual and scientific interests in understanding the world The praise of the deeds of great figures from antiquity that the humanists found in roman and greek texts supported the notions of pride and fame that were becoming important in a society whose major figures were successful business entrepreneurs and bankers Sought to supplement faith by insisting on the dignity of the individual and human potential for achievement Gave art and artist a new dignity and opened the way for a new level of literary discussions on art Natural observation –an important feature Expanding middle class, new types of art were commissioned by individuals to adorn their private town houses of country villas The dignity of the individual and new selfconsciousness promoted by e Italian humanists had an important influence on attitudes about artists Renaissance artists were viewed as trained intellectuals versed in the classics and geometry Artists became famous Began to create self portaits, a sure indication of theit new status Artists and workshops received a variety of secular and religious commissions Rulers continued to employ works of art for the traditional purposes of exalting and consolidating their power Rulers often commissioned portraits POLITICAL he humanists created, or recreated a structure of values different from that on which medieval ideals of chivalry and nobility were based. humanism was nurtured in the italian city-states, with their republican (not clerical or aristocratic) govts. , epitomized the new ideals of self-reliance and civic virtue - civic and mundane, not chivalric or contemplative. SOCIAL & CULTURAL the growth and spread of humanism is pre-eminent in the intellectual history of the fifteenth century but its r/s with the visual arts is complex and sometimes ambiguous. dontello's statues exhibit a dignity and realism. his works embodied the new ideal man of the renaissance and showed people as self-determined individuals, powerful and intellectually alive.

Radiology Report

Diabetic patient with ulcer on the bottom right foot. Images of the feet were obtained in a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the foot. Utilizing a T1-sequence an effective double-echo sequence and in a plane nearly paralleling the long axis of the foot utilizing an effective double-echo sequence. An additional sequence was performed in an attempt to do a fat saturation technique. However, motion artifact degrades the detail on these images limiting the use for evaluation. There is prominent abnormality evident in the right midfoot and forefoot. This consists of abnormally increased soft tissue present, predominantly plantar, medial to the tarsals and proximal to the metatarsals but also dorsal to the proximal metatarsals. At the distal aspect of this abnormality near the metatarsophalangeal joint, there is a prominent defect present in the plantar medial soft tissues extending to this abnormal soft tissue characteristic, suggesting an area of ulceration or surgical defect. Deep to this area of apparent ulceration there is bright T2-signal present at the dorsalateral aspect of the foot at the level of the mid to distal metatarsals suggesting edema and and/or inflammation in the dorsal soft tissues in that region. I do not see definite replacement of the normal bright marrow signal on the T1-sequence within the tarsals or metatarsals. Therefore, I do not see definite osteomyelitis. Certainly the findings are highly suggestive of a rampant cellulitis. Unfortunately, I have no plain films available for correlation at this time. If additional evaluation is required, one could consider combined gallium and bone scanning. In the left foot, I see neither definite remarkable soft tissue abnormalities nor do I see marrow replacement within the tarsals or metatarsals. The phalanges in both feet are rather difficult to evaluate other than the bases of the proximal phalanges of the great toes in which I see no remarkable abnormality.

Feminism in Margaret Laurence’s The Diviners Essay

The Funk and Wagnall’s Standard Desk Dictionary defines feminism as, â€Å"A doctrine advocating the granting of the same social, political and economic rights to women as the ones granted to men.† Feminists consider woman as an oppressed group, those who must present themselves as individuals and human beings. In Margaret Laurence’s The Diviners, Morag Gunn’s struggle for female self-representation is seen as she writes about her life. This is shown through Morag’s desires for lust and profanity, that which females should keep hidden. Furthermore, Morag breaks social boundaries by writing her novel from the female perspective. Finally, Laurence allows the reader to become sympathetic for Morag as she is marginalized in a predominantly male society. Margaret Laurence shows the intricacy that is feminism through the depiction of the assertive, yet vulnerable Morag Gunn. Morag is unlike many females as she allows herself to curse and show lust. Knowin g it is socially unacceptable, Morag rejects swearing as a teenager: â€Å"Morag does not swear. If you swear at fourteen it only makes you look cheap, and she is not cheap, goddamn it.† (126) However, as Morag becomes more mature she revises her opinion: â€Å"Shit. Bloody bloody Christly hell. And the hell with not swearing, too.† (133) By being vulgar, Laurence shows Morag’s feminist attributes by having her go against the â€Å"social norm† of her time. Finally, throughout the novel Morag becomes more aware of her lustful desires and offers them bluntly. Alia Amer wrote about a woman’s lust in society: â€Å"Women are not allowed to look closely at a man, however, or to have a lustful or provocative look, or to look deliberately at them when they happen to be in the same setting (such as on a bus, or in a room).† (Amer) Laurence contradicts this statement as Morag’s sexual awakenings are seen as empowering to the female. In conclusion, Morag Gunn’s vulgarity is a representation of Margaret Laurence’s feministic ideology. Morag’s conflicting identities of both a woman and a writer provide an outlook on female roles in her own society. As a female author Morag makes an â€Å"attempt at self-representation† (Smith) though, â€Å"women have historically hesitated to attempt to the pen†¦the woman writer’s self-contemplation may be said to have begun with a searching glance into the mirror of the male-inscribed literary text† (Gilbart and Gubar). Laurence challenges this through Morag’s determination to finish her novel and writing the novel from a predominantly female perspective. Finally, at the end of the novel, Laurence shows Morag’s accomplishment: â€Å"Morag returned to the house, to write the remaining private and fictional words, and to set down her title.† (525) Morag finishing her novel is a representation of how a female can succeed in the â€Å"representative male life† (Smith) of a writer. To conclude, Laurence challenges male identity by identifying Morag as a woman writer, therefore giving a more feminist view on society. Finally, Laurence creates sympathy for Morag as she is marginalized in a predominantly male society. Wayne Booth states that, â€Å"The solution to the problem of maintaining readers’ sympathy is to use the heroine herself as a kind of narrator, though in third person, reporting on her own experience.† (Booth) Through Laurence’s narrative technique, having Morag as the narrator, sympathy is created for the female perspective. Furthermore, Morag’s downfall for making assumptions causes the reader to feel sympathetic for her consciousness. â€Å"Morag perceived that what she had taken to be hostility had been in fact self-reproach on his part.† (278) Laurence creates empathy as the female mind is presented as solitary. Lastly, the feeling of sympathy is created when Morag asks her absent husband for forgiveness: â€Å"I need you, too, Brooke. I care about you. I can’t stand this†¦Brooke, forgive me. May we forgive one another for what neither of us could help.† (359) Laurence shows how Morag is still dependant on a male figure and as a result creates sympathy for her. Overall, sympathy is used to identify with the female perspective in a male-dependant society. In conclusion, Margaret Laurence shows the complexity of women through the contrast of inferiority and self-confidence seen in Morag Gunn. Laurence creates a character with lustful desires and profane ways that are regarded as socially unacceptable by woman in her society. Morag challenges the, at the time, conflicting roles of being both a woman and a writer by writing from a predominantly female perspective and finally, Laurence creates sympathy for Morag as she struggles in an over-bearing male society. Overall, Margaret Laurence challenges masculinity and allows femininity to prevail.

Writing Skills

SHORT COMPOSITIONS N O T I C E NAME OF THE INSTITUTION DateTitle Content – Event’s name, venue, time and other required details Name (Designation) NOTICE FORMAT INFORMAL LETTER FORMAT Q1. Write a notice inviting volunteers for a one-day Blood Donation Camp to be organized in your school premises by the Indian Red Cross Society. You are Rahil, Head boy of St. Thomas School. N O T I C E ST THOMAS SCHOOL 6 September 2012 BLOOD DONATION CAMP The Indian Red Cross Society is organizing a one-day blood donation camp in our school on 15 September 2012 from 10 am to 4 pm.A team of 4 doctors and 8 nurses from the Indian Red Cross Society will attend the camp. All the senior students above 17 years, parents and guardians as well as the staff members are invited to donate blood. The collected blood will be used for the cancer patients at Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute, Delhi. For further details, you may contact the undersigned. Rahil (Head Boy) MESSAGE Q2. Write a message based on the conversation given below. Ramesh: Hello, can I speak to Arjun? Raju: Arjun is not at home. May I know who’s speaking? I’m his brother. Ramesh: I’m Ramesh, his classmate.Could you inform him that tomorrow’s chemistry extra class has been cancelled as Anil sir is ill? Also tell him to bring the practical file for submission on Monday. Raju: I’ll surely tell him. Ramesh: Thank you. Bye. MESSAGE 6 September 2012, 1 pm Arjun Ramesh, your classmate, called up to inform you that tomorrow’s chemistry extra class has been cancelled as Anil sir is ill. He has also asked you to bring the practical file for submission on Monday. Raju DATA INTERPRETATION Note: You may get bar graphs, pie charts, tables, X-Y charts for interpretation. Q3. The following chart depicts ‘Age wise Population Distribution’ of a state.Using the information, interpret the data rationally in about 70-80 words. Age-wise Population Distribution of a State Age Group | Percentage| Up to 15 | 30| Up to 25| 47. 75| Up to 35| 65| Up to 45| 79. 0| Up to 55| 93. 75| Up to 65| 98. 87| Up to 110| 100| | | Ans. The above chart depicts the Age-wise Population Distribution of a State. The age group up to 15 forms the lowest percentage in the state and it is less than one third percentage of total population. Almost half of the population of the state is less than 25 years as this age group holds 47. 75 % of total population.The age group between 25 to 35 years shows the biggest increase in population percentage from 47. 75 to 65 showing 17. 25 % increase. After up to 45, up to 65, the increase in percentage is 19. 37 in total. The age groups between up to 65 and up to 110 shows minimum increase in percentage, portraying that as age increases, the increase in population declines. DESCRIPTION Note: Description can be of any object, person or event. Q4. Your friend John was absent from the school for a week. Meanwhile a new student has joined your class.You have to give a factual description of the new classmate to John on phone. Reproduce the same in about 70-80 words. Ans. A boy from Dehradun named Arpit joined our school 3 days back. He is taller than most of the boys in the class. He is smart and carries himself very well. He is also a basketball player. Our class teacher is quite impressed with him as when he was asked to introduce himself to the class, he did it in a unique and interesting manner by beginning his introduction with his favorite quote. He is an amiable person and in no time he’s made a lot of friends.Through his introduction I learnt that you, I and he have a lot of common hobbies and realized that we would make good friends. BIO-SKETCH Q5. Using the information given below, write the Bio-sketch of the ace Indian athlete P. T. Usha. Name:P. T. Usha Date of Birth:20 May 1964 Place of Birth:Keothali, Kerala Coach:Madhvan Nambiar Achievements:Silver medal, 100 m and 200 m in 1982 Asian Games, New Delhi Four Gol d medals at Asian Games, Seoul in 1986 Ans. P. T. Usha, an ace athlete of India, was born in a poor family in Keothali, Kerala on 20 May 1964. She showed her rare talent in the sub-junior championships.The man who shaped the raw material in a glittering diamond was her coach Madhvan Nambiar. His guidance and coaching transformed her into a great athlete. She showed her athletic prowess at the Asian Games, first in 1982 where she won Silver medal for 100m and 200m race and then in Seoul in 1986 when she won four gold medals for India. She is an athlete of true and unmatched spirit. DIARY ENTRY FORMAT Date, day (6 September 2012, Thursday)Time (10 pm) Content LONG COMPOSITION INFORMAL LETTER Sender’s Address Date (5 September 2012) Dear friend/brother/father etc ContentYours lovingly Name FORMAL LETTER FORMAT Sender’s Address Date (5 September 2012) Receiver’s Address Subject: Sir/Ma’am Content * Introduction * Elaboration * Conclusion Yours sincerely/ trul y Name Q6. You are Akshay, 12, Qutb Road, New Delhi. Write a letter to the editor of a National daily expressing your views on the harmful effects of acid rain on trees and monuments as a result of industrial pollution in about 150 words. Ans. 12, Qutb Road New Delhi 5 September 2012 The Editor The Times of India New Delhi Subject: Damage being caused by industrial pollution Sir/Ma’amThrough the columns of you esteemed newspaper, I would like to draw the attention of the concerned authorities towards the damage being caused to the trees and monuments by industrial pollution. Pollution from industries is growing in our country which is the world’s second fastest growing economy. As a result of pollution from industries, acid rain occur causing harm to trees and monuments. It not only damages soil but can also affect the trees directly as the acid particles damage the little pores on the leaves and block the air passage on the leaves. This makes it easier for fungi and i nsects to attack the tree.In the same way, when the sulphur pollutants fall on the buildings made from limestone and sandstone, they react with minerals in the stone to form a powdery substance that can be washed away by rain. The Taj Mahal has been polluted by this sort of air pollution. I would be highly obliged if you publish an article on this issue so that the industrialists become more concerned about environment and take necessary precautions to check pollution and also the government takes strict action against those who violate norms laid down for the industry to check industrial pollution.Yours sincerely Akshay E-MAIL FORMAT From:To:| Subject:| Dear friend/father/brother etcContentWith love/regardsName| ARTICLE FORMAT Catchy Heading Content Q7. World Literacy Day was celebrated on 8 September 2012. Write an article for your school magazine highlighting the advantages of literacy in about 150 words. Ans. LITERACY- A STEP TO PROGRESS Education is not simply filling up of pal e but lightening of fire. Education has power to change the world. Education is synonymous to progress. Therefore literacy of the country is very important for its development.Illiteracy leads to poverty and exploitation and vice-versa. It is the basic cause for all social and economic ills in many countries. Productivity level of the illiterate people is very low. Literacy, on the other hand, helps in fostering development and improvement of living standards in a society. The government and private sector can create more jobs for the literates which would ultimately lead to the increase in the output of the country. Hence, literacy affects the economic condition and is an important indicator for assessing the overall health of the country.Lower literacy rate means that greater proportion of country’s population is not capitalizing on its skills. As a result, there is an overall decline in the gross national income. Thus, it is essential for the government to tackle the issue of illiteracy on top priority for if we need to build our country, we must begin from the field of education. SPEECH Note: It is good to start with a quote or saying before you introduce yourself and your topic. Example: Speech on ‘Literacy- a step to progress’ Education is not simply filling up of pale but lightening of fire.Education has power to change the world. Education is synonymous to progress. A very good morning to one and all present here. Today, I’m here to express my views on the topic ‘Literacy- a step to progress’. Rest of the content- same as the content of article REPORT FORMAT Heading Date, Place, name Content Q8. You are Anurag/Anuradha, a staff reporter of The Times of India. You have been asked to cover the ghastly train accident that took place at Ratlam. Write a report of the terrible accident in about 150 words to be published in your newspaper.Ans. A TRAIN ACCIDENT 2 September 2012, Ratlam, Anuradha Call it a twist of tragic irony or fate, within twenty four hours of the Railway Minister’s assurance of making the Indian Railways safer and secure, the nation has witnessed a ghastly rail accident. Preliminary reports tell that the accident was caused by professional incompetence due to an erring human judgment. The Rajdhani Mail was stationed at platform no. 1. Passengers were waiting for the Inter City Mail coming on platform no. 2.The lineman gave a wrong track to the coming train leading to a disastrous collision. Three bogies got derailed. Many passengers got trapped inside; cries of wounded rent the air and dead bodies could be seen lying on the rails. The relief train came within an hour with doctors and medicines. Over thirty people were taken to the General Hospital, Ratlam. The horrible accident took a toll of twelve lives, including three women and two children. STORY FORMAT Catchy Title Content- beginning and ending should support the main part or the events described in the story. Writing Skills Exam: 986041RR – WRITING SKILLS PART 2 When you have completed your exam and reviewed your answers, click Submit Exam. Answers will not be recorded until you hit Submit Exam. If you need to exit before completing the exam, click Cancel Exam. Questions 1 to 20: Select the best answer to each question. Note that a question and its answers may be split across a page break, so be sure that you have seen the entire question and all the answers before choosing an answer. Â   1. Which one of the following sentences or phrases is most likely to be considered a cliche?A. Are you a man or a moose?B. How dead is a dead doornail?C. When in doubt, pout.D. Look before you leap.2. Of these four words, which one is most likely to have a negative flavor?A. MeanderB. HarangueC. ConfoundD. Distract3. Which of the following statements about vocabulary building is not correct?A. Pronunciation is an important part of adding new words to your vocabulary.B. The best way to improve your vocabulary is to memorize lists of vocabulary words.C. Reading on a daily basis is very important for building your vocabulary.D. Using the dictionary is only one step in the process of vocabulary building.4. Read the word in parentheses; then decide which of these sentences most effectively translates an abstract concept into a mental picture.A. (Sunrise) The rising sun transformed the canyon into bright stone and deep shadow.B. (Studious) Lucy lay on her bed reading a back issue of Nation al Geographic.C. (Rumors) Whispers of doubt filled the empty halls like the reek of boiled cabbage.D. (Freedom) On her twenty-first birthday, Lola declared herself a woman.5. When using direct quotations in your writing, which of the following should be placed outside the set of quotation marks?A. SemicolonB. PeriodC. CommaD. Question mark6. Which of the following words is most likely to carry a connotation?A. WalkB. StandC. StrideD. Run7. When we speak of the flavor of a word, we're talking about the extra understood meanings that it carries in addition to its main meaning. These extra meanings are calledA. definitions.B. shadings.C. connotations.D. denotations.8. Find the sentence with the active voice.A. The bill was passed by the legislature.B. I was told by the chairman that the bill was passed by the legislature.C. The chairman told me that the legislature passed the bill.D. It was voted by the legislature to pass.9. An antonym is a word that'sA. pronounced the same.B. opposit e in meaning.C. the same in meaning.D. defined in a thesaurus.10. Of the following methods, the best way to increase your reading is byA. reading a new book every day.B. setting a goal to read five new pages every night.C. joining a mail-order book club.D. forcing yourself to read subjects you dislike.11. Nelson's hobby is tinkering with small appliances. Tinkering with implies that Nelson is unskilled at his hobby. You want to change the flavor of this sentence to show that Nelson is, in fact, quite skilled at his hobby. Which of the following should you choose to replace tinkering with so that the reader gets the right idea?A. RepairingB. SellingC. Messing withD. Fiddling with12. Which sentence best describes clustering?A. You write down words or ideas in chronological order.B. You're generating words that suggest possible themes for an essay.C. You're generating words that suggest possible sentences or paragraphs.D. You write down words or ideas that occur to you in no particular order.13. Which of the following sentences uses the best close-up words?A. Sara is pursuing a non-science degree.B. Sara is pursuing a degree.C. Sara is studying languages.D. Sara is studying French and German.14. Increasing your vocabulary meansA. you'll be able to spend more time reading.B. you'll spend less time on revision.C. you'll write more lively sentences.D. you'll write longer sentences.15. Which of the following would be an appropriate way to add variety to your sentences?A. Use questions and answers together.B. Use more close-up words.C. Add personal anecdotes.D. Make your sentences read like a spoken conversation.16. When writing, you can most effectively use a dashA. to add a formal touch to a sentence.B. in place of an exclamation point.C. to get the reader's attention.D. in place of a semicolon.17. Which of the following words is the best close-up word?A. FoodB. ZucchiniC. PlantD. Vegetable18. Which of the following sentences is written in the passive voice?A. I wou ld not provoke that man if I were you.B. Having left the building, Elvis never returned.C. The effects of cyanide are well known.D. They considered their options.19. Which one of the following sentences is written in the active voice?A. Few people think seriously of doing something about accidents.B. It is said that definite steps can be taken to prevent many accidents.C. Accidents are considered by most people as unavoidable.D. Accidents are witnessed every day.20. Which statement is most accurate regarding the speaking-writing connection?A. The words used by writers are not normally used in speaking.B. To own a word, speak it.C. Written words seldom reflect the words people use when they speak.D. To own a word, write it over and over again. End of exam

Sexual Harassment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sexual Harassment - Research Paper Example 222). Shifting paradigm of globalization and liberalization in the society has increased the women’s participation in the work force to contribute to family income. Women are then endangered to sexual harassment which is, perhaps, as old as the very existence of women and this is one of those problems which discourage them in taking active part in economic and social development of the society (Naveed et al. 222). The increasing cases of sexual harassment today also increased the awareness of the society, thus, more and more women came out to make legal cases against their harassers. What are the factors that affect or determine sexual harassment? One of the known factors that determine sexual harassment would be that of gender. Research has shown that a person’s gender impacts his or her perceptions of sexual harassment. Moreover, women are often more sensitive than men to what constitutes sexual harassment and they often judge the same behavior to be more serious (Fiedler and Blanco 276). So, what was offensive to a woman may not be that of a deal to a man and they usually do not file a case as compared to that of women. In addition to this, culture was also identified as a factor. Different countries have different cultural takes on sexual harassment and, therefore, would have different laws about it. Perceptions on what constitutes sexual harassment vary among and within societies; somehow they depend on how people are socialized within that society, the existence of gender stereotypes, and set notions and hierarchies that may exist in the workplace. And it is because of these reasons that make it hard to compile a list of harassing conduct that should be prohibited. Some acts are easily identified as harassment, like kissing, fondling and physical contact with genital areas, while many other kinds of verbal, non-verbal, physical conduct may not (AWARE 11). The victims

Rogerian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Rogerian - Essay Example Economies were destroyed; lives lost, families separated, people became disabled and other devastating effects were experienced. During the wars, there are countries that restrained themselves from getting involved. For example, the U.S.A in the Second World War did not for a long time get involved. It was only when the Pearl Harbor was bombed that they joined in the war. Today wars between states have not ceased, but the countries that know well the outcome, look for other options because there are other options. Like in the example of the U.S.A cited above, the fact that it eventually joined the war shows that there are times that war is the only option sometimes to solve international disputes. Mohammed S. Halal in his paper discussed this aspect of justifiable war. In this case, he stated that it is only necessary when it is about the protection of human security and not state security. For example, the wars against Somalia, Libya, Liberia and Iraq were humanitarian in nature (Helal, 558). He further states that these wars preserved the lives of the citizens in these countries. This is a valid point; however, with the political nature of war, telling between a humanitarian crisis and a case of state protection would not be easy. Countries are political, and war is just a selfish expression. A state security protection case will easily pass for a humanitarian crisis. Robert and John assess the ‘bush doctrine’ on whether preventive war is justified. The reason this is called the bush doctrine is because, Bush in 2002, stated that the United States cannot just sit and watch as other countries prepare weapons of mass destruction. That would affect the U.S, and its allies (Christopher, 194). The authors argue that for the same reasons that humanitarian reasons are used to justify war, preventive war can also be justified (Delahaunty & John, 828). Preventive war is interpreted as an

A topic about any scienes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A topic about any scienes - Essay Example However in the recent decade, these accidents have almost doubled, which have alarmed scientists. Accidents in which chlorine has spilled in factories have also been unknowingly mixed with other chemicals. Undoubtedly, thousands of people have been in at risk for exposing to this reaction and have been evacuated to address the issue. The worst incident occurred in 2005, when the crash of 18 freight trains occurred, exposing chlorine gas to a whole community in which 9 people were killed and at least 1400 were exposed to this fatal combination. The worst part about chlorine gas is the fact that it even small exposures can cause choking and wheezing. In addition, it can burn the eyes, skin and throat. The gravity of this issue can be depicted here as Mary Anne Duncan, an epidemiologist at the federal Agency states, â€Å"Exposure to high levels of chlorine gas from a release can cause severe health effects, including death.† Researchers insist that these conditions lead to fatal heart disease and continue to rise at a shocking rate. Throughout history, Chlorine has been used to not only for killing purposes in war but also to infuse fear. The body has no control over the metabolic rate as an individual is exposed to it. The gloomy depiction painted here is exactly what occurs during these incidents. Chlorine had a high percentage with victims, 30.9 percent, second only to carbon monoxide, which had 41.7 percent with victims. Clearly, this is a threat that should be addressed. From my perspective, this clearly seems to be an issue that must be approached from a very serious manner. This will continue to be a hazardous agenda on the minds of the several residents who can seriously develop tragic medical conditions. Since chlorine is lethal, the government should try to enact some laws for companies that can safely handle these type of sensitive chemicals. Additionally, all residents should be well-aware of the dangers of

Leadership and Corporate Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership and Corporate Culture - Essay Example To achieve this, corporate leaders must possess certain influences and powers that will enable them shape the cultures for the betterment of the organization and without infringing on the rights of either. The first tool most managers use is the delegation of duties. By delegating duties to their juniors in a responsible manner, the managers empower the employees who in turn will go to greater lengths to maintain consistency (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell, 2011).   Another crucial aspect is employee mentorship by the corporate leaders, who instill social and professional values on the employees that are in line with the attainment of the organization’s goals. Ferrell, Fraedrich, and Ferrell (2011) state that the corporate leaders can put in place proper conflict resolution mechanisms and good communication network in their quest to transform the organization’s culture. Perhaps the last but equally important power that a corporate leader can use to influence and shape t he general culture of the organization is to cultivate a culture of trustworthiness within the environment and outside the given organization. This normally has an effect of motivating the employees and subsequently identifying the organization with the said culture of motivation (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell, 2011).   Important ethical leaders in and organization and their various roles Varieties of ethical leaders exist with each having more or less distinct roles in an organization setting. Ethical leadership entails the consistent practice and advocacy for normative actions that promote social values through engaging the employees in communication, teamwork, and decision-making. Top on the list are the decision makers who always strive to make well-informed and timely decisions about matters pertaining to the organization. This group of ethical leaders plays a strategic and proactive role within the organization (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell, 2011). There are the public relati ons leaders whose main role in the ethical sense is to ensure good and effective communication with all the stakeholders within the company. Since communication is important in solving problems, these leaders can also play a role in conflict resolution. In addition, the mentors play a major role in motivating their junior within the organization by organizing such initiatives as the corporate social responsibility (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell, 2011).   Illustration of the relations between ethical leaders and stakeholders According to Ferrell, Fraedrich, and Ferrell (2011), stakeholders contribute to, depend on, involve in, or feel the effect of the organizations activities and therefore their interests should form part of the organization’s agenda. These include the shareholders, customers, investors, and partners, whose needs, interests, and preferences can seem farfetched but in the end determines the culture exhibited by the concerned organization. Since both direct an d indirect stakeholders affect the organizations culture, all the ethical leaders within the company normally exhibit cordial relationship with all the stakeholders irrespective of the background in terms of contribution, geographic location, and size. This way, virtually every stakeholder will get higher percentage

What is a strategic control system what role does accounting play in a Essay

What is a strategic control system what role does accounting play in a strategic control system are the strategic management accounting in Caterpillar effecti - Essay Example The process can be considered as a fundamental due to the fact that it involves even the strategic management accounting as one of the essential aspects. Basically SMA is one of the specializing areas in strategic control systems due to the fact that it deals primarily on management accounting issues specifically by using data and information related to finances and accounting (SMA Supplementary Notes 2-3). The strategic control management then can be considered essential in the operation of the whole system and in the specific aspects of the operation as well. In relation to management accounting, the said process can be considered to be involved in the study of the different groups involved in the market along with the market’s behaviour, the determination of most effective solutions and implementation of the said strategies (SMA Supplementary Notes 3). The main role of strategic control system in accounting is evident in the dimensions covered by the SMA. Specifically, it is the planning of possible projects and implementations of different plans related to financial issues. Due to the characteristic of being strategic, there are different alternatives and contingencies that are presented to ensure the success of the operation. It is important to consider though that management accounting is not the sole field wherein strategic control system is involve. Although majority of the companies concentrate on the strategies to improve and achieve profits for the company, the coverage of the system is extensive due to the involvement in different aspects and departments of the company or organization. Based on the study by Ittner & Larcker, the main processes included in the strategic control system are the strategic implementation process, the internal and the external monitoring (3). The said processes are applied

What would best constitute an education for men Research Paper

What would best constitute an education for men - Research Paper Example The present education format is focused on providing knowledge to people in order to make them capable of understanding their carrier objectives and be prepared for the next level of education. Many researchers and theorists believe that the current education pattern for men should include some additional subjects, which would help them learn the art of living. The most essential part of education in the modern world is practical life experiences. It has been observed that students from the beginning of their age are fond of stories narrated by their teachers, which are related to society. Men have greater interest towards subjects that are based on practical experiences. Education based on mining is very important for men’s perspective. Mining of natural resources is very important and men are mostly preferred for this purpose. Hence education related to mining is essential for men. Moreover, subjects related to defence, electronics and computers are also equally important for men. Practical experiences and implication of the experiences in the study of students is required in-order to overcome the challenges associated with modern educational system. This research paper focuses on the best compose for the education of men. Education is not only based on academic learning, it is also a cluster of actual life experiences. For an example, subjective matters of physics are not only based on theoretical implications, it is also based on real-time experiments. Experiments are conducted in-order to obtain a real-time observation of the theory discussed during classroom education. It is very essential to understand that learning is the key of life and academic education only can-not provide the required amount of knowledge. Implementation of real-life experiences during education is required to make students understand the use of the subjective matters in practical world. According to essay ‘Learning in the Key of Life’, Spayde tells that academic

British colonial policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

British colonial policies - Essay Example The Kashmir dispute, that has clouded the region with dispute and wars is a gift of British policies, they left this question open-ended and resulted in rivalries development between the two incumbent nations. Two wars have been fought afterward one right after the independence being granted to the respective states and one in 1965. The main point of contention in both the issues was Kashmir. While Pakistan considers it its integral part, the Indians consider it as their backbone and none would let go of it.The Red Cliffe commission that was put in place in the last days of colonial control over the region, the purpose was to devise a strategy that ensures the smooth transition and the transfer of land to the rightful owners of the place. While there were two major blocks, one of Hindus and second of Muslims, by the rule the Hindu majority areas would be awarded to the newly formed Indian State while the Muslim dominant states would be awarded to Pakistan. Improper division, and allo tting of the areas like Junagarh, Gurdaspur to India, resulted in the imbalance creation between the two nations and even today the relations are relatively sour between the two.Besides the land allocation, the resources allocation policies suffered from imbalances as well. The British Empire did not take into consideration the repercussion of the possible miss calculated allotment of resources. Pakistan and India have been on the brink of war for nearly two decades due to the Indus Basin Treaty.

Infosys Case Analysis Essay Example for Free

Infosys Case Analysis Essay ? Case analysis infosys document structure We have approached the case by first analyzing the identified issues, and then associate root causes to those issues. Further to it we have used two frameworks, â€Å"Web of Change† and â€Å"Hewitt Best Employer Characteristics†, to theoretically assess the weaknesses in Infosys Human Resource and Change Management policies. These frameworks can be used by organizations to better plan their change management and human resource management initiatives. We have used â€Å"Hewitt’s Best Employer Survey†, to identify the key initiatives which Infosys should undertake to enable it to reach its target of â€Å"Best Employer† by 2011. Further to it we believe that â€Å"Best Employer† and â€Å"Best Performer† are complementary goals, and it’s difficult to achieve one without the other, and hence we have identified the key initiatives which can help Infosys to achieve â€Å"Best Performer† target without compromising on its â€Å"Best Employer† objective. about infosys Infosys is the second largest Indian IT software services company. Infosys has reached pinnacles of success in short span of 20 years, through innovative business strategies and human resource practices. Currently it is facing challenges around balancing between business growth and employee satisfaction. About its business Model Infosys delivers IT services to its clients globally in a model called GDM (Global Delivery Model). The main characteristic of this model is that it decouples client location and project execution. Project is executed in locations which provide best combination of cost and talent. Project teams are spread across client site and offshore development centers in countries like India, China, and Mexico etc which provide rich availability of talent at competitive cost. Usually teams at client site document requirements and manage client relationship and offshore team manages delivery. This is a human resource intensive industry and the challenge is exacerbated by the fact that most of the resources are highly skilled professionals (engineers, MBAs, computer scientists etc). Being an industry where human resource is your only asset and your only competitive advantage, managing, ssues and Root Cause analysis In this section we’ll analyze the issues identified in the case and will attempt to identify root causes which led to employee dissatisfaction. After our analysis we believe that issues mentioned in the case is symptomatic of gaps in general principles of leadership, change management and HRM. Policies are not written in blood and stone, and they change ov er the lifetime of organizations. What should not change are basic organizations principles around human resource management. Our assessment is that policy changes in Infosys were reflective of external environment and business imperatives. However, diverging from the basic principles of Change management, leadership, communication and employee development in implementing new policies is what led to its fall in Best Employer ratings. â€Å"Stock Options started lacking luster to the new employees and created equity imbalance among employees† Stakeholders involved New Employees Discontentment Impact Inequity of income/wealth effect in the company which created tension between employees. New employees who had seen Infosys from outside as an organization committed to fairness, equity, and employee wealth creation got disenchanted. Root Cause Failure to Manage Expectations This issue primarily arose because of incorrect expectation setting of new employees. Infosys kept on using stock options and the millionaires’ stories as branding activity, even when stock options were no more an incentive to new recruits. Company should have made it very clear about its new compensation philosophy when it discontinued ESOPS. 1. Managing scale and attrition risk Stakeholders involved Employees Managers Discontentment Impact Infosys was growing at a speed where it was doubling its organizational strength every 1-2 years. However organization was plagued by high attrition rate. Employees felt lack of motivation, due to repetitive process tasks, which the business model demanded. Due to high growth, a lot of employees moved up the managerial ladder, but lacked proper training and orientation and hence couldn’t connect to employees Root Cause Lack of Employee fulfillment ( from the job ) Detached Lleaderships To stress on the need for the above two, we’ll give two examples from Indian public sector. Indian Railways Indian railways has recently transformed itself into a highly profitable organization, and according to the officer on special with Railways, single most critical factor which contributed to this success is involvement and commitment of employees of railways despite having a poor compensation structure. Employees of Indian railways take great pride in their work, since they believe they are contributing to the running of the country’s biggest infrastructure and are responsible for transporting of 2 crore customers every days. This association with organizational goal and pride in your organization is what makes an organization for perpetuity. Due to changing business needs, Iinfosys couldn’t connect to its employees in motivating them. Indian Army A unit commander in the army is able to inspire its soldiers to give up their life, compensation etc notwithstanding. The only reasons soldiers are so committed, is their immediate leader. It depends on the unit commander’s ability to connect to his soldiers, motivate them and show a genuine concern for their wellbeing, is what motivates the soldiers to do the unthinkable for their leader. According to research in human resources field, people leave managers and not companies. The leadership skills of managers are the greatest source of employee fulfillment at work. Lack of engagement and commitment of managers towards their subordinates, was probably the single biggest reason for high attrition rate at Infosys. 2. Strong formalization and process orientation, which came as part of growth, took away bandwidth to innovate from employees. Stakeholders involved Employees Discontentment Impact Employees who were used to getting the thrill and satisfaction from using their skill on technical challenges were feeling cocooned because of new process driven and re-use methodology. Similar impact was observed in people policy issues. All personal policies were getting more and more formalized. Root Cause Lack of employee Motivation Resistance to change One of the basic principles of organization design is that you don’t use strong formalization from highly skilled agents (employees). Formalization is for low skilled repeatable tasks. Infosys should have come up with business models aimed at high end, value added services much earlier. This would have kept its inherent talent not only motivated but better utilized for higher margins. In 1990s moving away from body shopping to GDM provide this opportunity, but in early to middle 2000s, Iinfosys couldn’t reinvent itself. Formalization in organizational policies when it grows out from entrepreneurial stage is inevitable. It’s actually needed to ensure consistent implementation of policies and create a sense of equity and fairness among employee. Dissatisfaction on this front could be attributed to resistance to change, and hence effective change management principles should be employed for disruptive changes. 3. Introduction of variable pay Stakeholders involved Employees Senior Management HR Department Discontentment Impact Variable pay was received with a lot of skepticism by the employees, fearing that it was introduced to reduce their compensation Root Cause/s Change Management Failure Lack of Leadership engagement Communication Failure This was probably one of the most disruptive changes introduced by Infosys. The amount of skepticism and distrust displayed by employees was a first in Infosys. Immediate reaction of employees was that this policy has been introduced to cut employee costs to satisfy shareholders demand for higher and higher profitability. The fact that a vast majority of senior management were shareholders in the company added to employee distrust. There was no clarity among employees how this policy will pan out. A lot of employees were not comfortable in linking their performance to factors outside their control (market conditions, decision taken by management etc). Also since the amount of variable component was high (more than 50% for project managers and above), employees could not understand how much their monthly take home were. This is a classic case of failure in change management and involvement of leadership at every level. Infosys data on variable payout shows that most of the time company has delivered 100% payout and even higher percentage to high performers. So employee skepticism bore from lack of clarity and communication on this policy. Lack of clarity, communication and involvement of employees was to such an extent that even middle management was taken by surprise by this policy. Many managers, who couldn’t appreciate the policy implementation, were reluctant in communicating the changes to the employees. For an employee first point of contact for clarification is his/her immediate line manager, hence it’s important to fully equip leadership at every level with information. To understand the role what leadership plays in motivating, retaining employees, we should look at armed forces. Unit commanders are able to motivate their employees to give their life, despite the fact that compensation package of soldiers is one of the lowest. This commitment in subordinates comes because of total commitment of their leader in engaging with them and motivating with them. Immediate line managers are the biggest reason employees leave an organization and are also the main reason employees go beyond their capabilities to outperform. 4. Retaining Organizational Culture with fast track growth Stakeholders involved HR Department Employees Discontentment Impact Due to business growth imperatives, and its business model, Infosys was doubling its employee strength every 1-2 years. To accommodate this type of growth, it had to lower its hiring standards and quality and culture was a victim of this. Root Cause/s Lack of Employee on boarding ( orientation) planning This issue had an impact on multiple facets. It led to a feeling disenchantment in existing employees, as they felt their brand equity in the market was getting diluted. New employees, who were not able to appreciate infosys inherent culture, didn’t felt comfortable and had a feeling that the organization is biased toward old employees. Root cause of this issue was that although organization had changed its selection criteria, it didn’t change its employee orientation strategy, or training methodology. Infosys should have changed its orientation program to be more customized offering for similar group of employees and using existing employees as mentor to help develop organizational culture and values in new employees. Similarly if you are hiring for quantity and not quality, it should have modified its training plan to be more exhaustive. 5. Broad Banding and promotions Stakeholders involved Employees Discontentment Impact Lack of faith in the organization Chaos and confusion in employees minds Root Cause/s Change Management Communication Leadership This policy again created a lot of employee discomfort since they didn’t knew the details of change. It’s again a classic change management failure. Although the policy was designed to bring more clarity in role structure and bring equity amongst similar roles, across the organization, poor communications created fear and scientism in minds of people. We can observe from the reinvention of Indian Railways, one of the reasons organization could progress on the growth trajectory, was employee commitment to the cause of Indian Railways, despite of low compensation. Employees felt proud to be part of the world’s biggest railways and were motivated to excel. Some of the senior managers lacked clarity about policies, hence they were apprehensive of clarifying the policy. This shows a major organizational failure in terms of change management and engagement of leadership with people. Similarly as discussed above, since employee appraisal parameters were not clearly defined, an employee could not appreciate how his/her appraisal going to impact promotions? Web Of Change – Change Management Framework To do substantiate our above understanding of issues at Iinfosys, we used â€Å"Web of Change†, a change management framework to understand the change management issues at Infosys. â€Å"Web of change: is the framework proposed by Stephen Thomas. This model defines 8 change elements as shown below and the web of change helps us to see how the values of each element changed during the Organization Change process in Infosys. The baseline score is the value of the Change elements in Infosys during the glory years of 1990’s and the re-assessment scores the value of the same change elements in the 2000’s when Infosys was going through the â€Å"Growth pangs†.